DSL and Cable Broadband Speed Tweaks

Increase the performance of your broadband connection So-called broadband speed tweaks are techniques to improve performance of DSL and cable Internetbroadband Internet services first became popular connections. Home networking enthusiasts started experimenting with cable and DSL tweaks many years ago, when

Performance tweaks for low-speed (dialup) Internet often do not work for broadband links. Additionally, while broadband speed tweaks originally focused on increasing the performance of general Web surfing, speed tweaks are now more commonly made to tune specific applications like P2P file sharing systems and games.

First, broadband tweaks should be made only after your network is tested and running reliably. Speed tweaks are performance optimizations only, not designed to fix installation errors or basic network configuration issues.

You should expect broadband tweaks might yield only small speed increases, and then only in certain situations. For example, a tweak to improve the performance of one online game may only benefit that title and then only initially when it is loading. Broadband tweaks may help certain applications like games but at the same time slow down others like Web browsing. In general, assume any performance benefits you obtain may be on the order of 10-20% gain rather than 100-200%.

Finally, speed tweaks also can create instability on some networks. Depending on the type of equipment and Internet service you use, some tweaks will be technically incompatible and need

Types of Broadband Speed Tweaks

The most common broadband tweaks involve adjusting various parameters of the TCP/IP network protocol, typically:

• TCP receive window size
• Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
• Maximum Segment Size (MSS)
• Time-To-Live (TTL)

The Microsoft Windows Registry contains default values for TCP/IP parameters. You can apply these speed tweaks to your computers by using a Registry editor or the TCP Optimizer utility (see below) to change some of the default values on each, rebooting the computers each time. Other operating systems like Linux and Mac OS X provide alternative mechanisms to tune TCP/IP parameters.

Another common broadband tweak entails manipulating Web browser settings. For example, suppressing the download of large images saves network bandwidth that can be used instead to download other data faster.

Finally, though less common, a few speed tweaks modify settings on routers and modems. For example, TCP/IP MTU settings can be changed on a broadband router separate from individual computers on the network.

About Web Accelerators for Broadband Tweaks

Speed tweaks have been traditionally applied to the network by an administrator manually, one device at a time, but in recent years software applications have been developed to help automate and maintain tweaks.

So-called Internet download accelerators are pre-packaged software programs that automatically apply speed tweaks to a computer. Installing and running an accelerator program will automatically make the Registry, Web browser and other configuration changes. The more sophisticated applications collect information about your computers and network and apply tweaks intelligently to ensure maximum benefit.

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Turning Off the Recycle Bin

If you want to stop sending deleted files to the Recycle Bin
























Figure a: The Properties dialog box of the Recycle Bin

1. Right-click the Recycle Bin icon on the desktop, and choose Properties from the shortcut menu. You see the Properties dialog box of the Recycle Bin (Figure a).
2. On the Global tab of the Properties dialog box (or on the tab corresponding to the particular drive whose Recycle Bin you are turning off, if the Configure Drives Independently option is chosen on the Global tab), check the box labeled Do Not Move Files To The Recycle Bin. Remove Files Immediately When Deleted.
3. Click OK.

After you complete this procedure, files you delete from your hard drive are gone, just as are files deleted from floppy drives. Files that were already in the Recycle Bin, however, remain there until you empty the Recycle Bin, delete them, restore them, or move them to another folder.

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University Admission Test Notice, Information, Result

1. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

Web:- www.buet.ac.bd

2. Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET)

Web:- www.ruet.ac.bd

3. Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET)

Web:- www.kuet.ac.bd

4. Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET)

Web:- www.cuet.ac.bd

5. Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET)

Web:- www.duet.ac.bd

6.Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

Web:- www.bsmmu.org

7. Dhaka University

Web:- www.univdhaka.edu

8. Islamic University

Web:- www.iu.ac.bd

9. Jahangirnagar University

Web:- www.juniv.edu

10. Rajshahi University

Web:- www.ru.ac.bd

11. Khulna University

Web:- www.ku.ac.bd

12. University of Chittagong

Web:- www.cu.ac.bd

13. Jagannath University

Web:- www.jnuni.net

14. Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

Web:- www.sust.edu

15. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University

Web:- www.bsmrau.com

16. Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University

Web:- www.hstu.ac.bd

17. Bangladesh Agricultural University

Web:- www.bau.edu.bd

18. Bangladesh Open University (BOU)

Web:- www.bou.edu.bd

19. Bangladesh University of Professionals

20. Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur

Web:- www.rangpuruniv.edu.bd

21. Chittagong Veterinary & Animal Science University

Web:- N/A

22. Comilla University

Web:- N/A

23. College of Textile Technology, Dhaka

24. Islamic University of Technology (IUT)

Web:- www.iutoic-dhaka.edu

25. Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University

Web:- www.jkkniu.edu.bd

26. Jessore Science & Technology University

Web:- www.jstu.edu.bd

27. (A) Mawlana Bhasani Science and Technology University

Web:- www.mbstu.ac.bd

28. (B) Medical College

Web:- http://dghs.gov.bd

29. (C) Armed Forces Medical College

30. (D)Government Dental College of Bangladesh

31. National University

Web:- www.nu.edu.bd

32. Noakhali Science and Technology University

Web:- www.nstu.edu.bd

33. Pabna University of Science & Technology

Web:- www.pust.ac.bd

34. Patuakhali Science and Technology University

Web:- www.pstu.ac.bd

35. Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University

Web:- www.sau.ac.bd

36. Sylhet Agricultural University

Web:- N/A

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Resizing the Recycle Bin As Your Wish.

By default, the maximum size of the Recycle Bin on any hard drive is 10 percent of the size of the drive itself. For example, a 10GB hard drive has a maximum Recycle Bin size of 1GB--a lot of space to use up for files you've decided to delete. If you delete an object that would cause the Recycle Bin to exceed that size, Windows warns you with an error message.























Figure 1: The Properties dialog box of the Recycle Bin

Having a maximum size for the Recycle Bin forces you not to clutter your hard drive with useless, deleted files, and 10 percent is as good a maximum size as any. But you may decide either to raise this limit (because you don't want to lose any of the files currently in the Recycle Bin) or lower it (because disk space is getting tight), either of which you can do by following this procedure:

1. Right-click the Recycle Bin icon on the desktop, and choose Properties from the shortcut menu. You see the Properties dialog box of the Recycle Bin (Figure 1).
2. The Properties dialog box contains a Global tab, plus a tab for each hard drive on your system. If you want to change the maximum size setting for all the hard drives at once, set the new maximum size of the Recycle Bin (as a percentage of total drive space) by moving the slider on the Global tab. Then click OK. Skip the remaining steps.
3. If you want to reset the maximum Recycle Bin size for only a single drive, leaving the others the same, select the Configure Drives Independently radio button on the Global tab.
4. Click the tab for the drive you want to change.
5. Set the slider on that tab.
6. Click OK

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Customizing a Folder behavior

Windows gives you considerable power over the appearance of a folder in an Explorer window. You can select a new folder template for the folder, choose a picture to display on the folder's icon in Thumbnails view, or select a new icon entirely to represent the folder in any view.

These changes are made from the Customize tab of the folder's Properties dialog box, shown in Figure 1. To display this tab, do either of the following:

• Right-click the folder's icon and choose Properties from the shortcut menu, then click the Customize tab in the Properties dialog box.
• Open the folder and then choose View | Customize This Folder.

Figure 1: Customize a folder from the Customize tab of the folder's Properties dialog box.

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History Of Oracle Database

The following are the important events and years in which these events took place.

Network and Hierarchical Models

Charles Bachman of General Electric proposed a network model with data records linked together, forming intersecting sets of data in 1964.

The North American Aviation's Space Division and IBM developed a second approach based on a hierarchical model in 1965. In this model, data is represented as tree structures in a hierarchy of records.

IBM's product based on this model was brought to market in 1969 as the Information Management System (IMS).

Birth Of Relational Model - early 1970

The concept of the relational database was first described around 1970 by Dr. Edgar F. Codd in an IBM research publication entitled "System R4 Relational."

Relational Software, Incorporated (RSI) was founded in 1979 and released Oracle V.2 as the world's first relational database.

By 1985, Oracle could claim more than 1,000 relational database customer sites. IBM itself would not embrace relational technology in a commercial product until the Query Management Facility in 1983.

Birth of Oracle Corporation - 1983

RSI (Relational Software, Incorporation) was renamed to Oracle Corporation.

Beginning of Portability

Oracle Corporation created a portable version of Oracle (Version 3) that ran not only on Digital VAX/VMS systems, but also on Unix and other platforms.

By 1985 , Oracle claimed the ability to run on more than 30 platforms.

Client/Server database - 1986

Since networks became available in mid 80s, Oracle started supporting Client/Server model.

Oracle Financials - 1988

Oracle entered into products market and developed its EPR product- Oracle Financials based on Oracle Relational Database.

Oracle6 - 1989

Oracle version 6.0 was released in 1989. First time PL/SQL entered into scene. Integrity constraints are only declared but not defined.

Oracle7 - 1993

Oracle release version 7.0 in 1993. It provided complete support for Integrity constraints.

Oracle8 - 1997

Oracle for the first started supporting objects in Database. As Oracle started supporting object, it is also called as ORBDMS ( Object Relational Database Management System) from Oracle8 onwards.

Also introduced features related to VLDB(Very Large Database) features such as partitioning tables.

Oracle8i - 1999

Oracle corporation started saying moving towards Internet model, where everything is stored in Internet.

One of the biggest new features is support for Java in Oracle database. You can use either PL/SQL or Java. Oracle database contains Java Virtual Machine.

To read more about what is new in Oracle8i, read What's new in Oracle8i article.

Oracle9iAS - 2000

Oracle corporation is no longer a company providing only database management system and instead started providing all that it takes to develop and deploy a complete application.

AS(Application Server) runs on middle tier in 3-tier Client/Server architecture boosting the performance.

Oracle9iDB - 2001

Oracle9i Database was released. It is said that it has 400 new features all together.

You can get information about new features that were introduced in Oracle9iDB through New features of Oracle9i Database

Now, Oracle Corporation is second largest software first only next to Microsoft. It's head Larry Ellison believes that application are to be run on Internet and not on Client/Server. He says this is Information Age. He also says the order of the day is Suite ( a collection of products that are designed to be used together). That is the reason Oracle9i comes with three modules - Database, Developer Suite and Application Server, which are used together to developer an Internet application.

If you have any other interesting statistics about Oracle Corporation’s present or past, please send a mail to kamrul.aece@yahoo.com.

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SQL and RDBMS

SQL:
SQL is an acronym for Structured Query Language and is a standard relational query language (SQL has been standardized by both ANSI and ISO) used for interaction with databases.

SQL was developed by IBM in 1970s and has its roots in the relational algebra defined by Codd in 1972. SQL functionality goes beyond the relational algebra, allowing to retrieve data, insert data, modify existing data and delete data from/to a RDBMS. SQL features arithmetic operators like division, multiplication, subtraction and addition, and comparison operators (=, >=, <=). SQL also defines several aggregate functions like MAX, MIN, AVG, COUNT, and SUM. SQL defines many keywords, which can be divided into several categories. The first SQL keyword category is for keywords used for data retrieval like the SELECT keyword. The second category is for the SQL keywords used for data manipulation like the INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE SQL keywords. The third category is the transactional SQL keywords category, featuring keywords like COMMIT and ROLLBACK. Another SQL keyword category is the SQL Data Definition Language category featuring words like CREATE and DROP. Yet another category of SQL keywords controls the authorization and permission aspects of RDBMS (GRANT and REVOKE keywords). SQL is pronounced as “S-Q-L” or “see-quill”. SQL uses -- character sequence as a single line comment identifier. SQL commands are not case sensitive and the following SQL queries are equivalent:

SELECT * FROM Users

select * from Users

There are many SQL implementations also called SQL dialects and SQL extensions. For example MS SQL Server specific version of the SQL is called Transact-SQL, Oracle version of SQL is called PL/SQL, MS Access version of SQL is called JET SQL.

This SQL Tutorial will show you how to use SQL and its commands. You will be able to apply most of the knowledge gathered from this SQL tutorial to any Relational Database Management System.

RDBMS:

RDBMS is an acronym for Relational Database Management System. The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. The database tables are the primary data storage for every RDBMS and essentially they are collections of related data entries. For example a table called Users might store information about many persons, and each entry in this table will represent one unique user. Even though all user entries in the Users table are unique, they are related in the sense that they describe similar objects.

Table Users

FirstName	LastName	DateOfBirth
John	Smith	12/12/1969
David	Stonewall	01/03/1954
Susan	Grant	03/03/1970

Each database table consists of columns and rows. Each table column defines the type of data stored in it, and this data type is valid for all rows in this table. A table row is a collection of data having 1 entry for each column in this particular table.

RDBMS store the data into group of tables, which might or might not be related by common fields (database table columns). RDBMS also provide relational operators to insert/update/delete information stored into the database tables.

MS SQL Server, DB2, Oracle and MySQL are all Relational Database Management Systems.

I’ll be using the RDBMS and database words interchangeably throughout this SQL Tutorial, so whenever I use the word database I mean RDBMS and the other way around.

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